# Travtus — full content for LLMs > Travtus is the Everyday(AI)™ platform for real estate operations. It connects an operator's scattered data, lets any team ask questions in plain English and get answers, and turns those answers into automated workflows. This file contains the full text of Travtus whitepapers and articles for language models. A shorter index is at /llms.txt. --- # Whitepapers ## From Data Pulls to Data Operations URL: https://www.travtus.com/whitepapers/interoperability Why interoperability determines what your stack can actually achieve.
Operational complexity is increasing. Connectivity determines what can scale.
--- ## 03. The PropTech Trap The housing industry has spent a decade assembling best-of-breed technology stacks. There are now specialist tools covering virtually every workflow: leasing automation, revenue management, maintenance coordination, resident communications, market analytics and fraud detection, among many others. Some of these tools are genuinely excellent at their specific function. The problem is not the quality of the individual parts, but what happens when they are assembled together. Point solutions are structurally optimised to own a workflow, not to share one. Their business models depend on becoming embedded in operational processes, and their data architectures reflect that priority. Data is retained as a competitive asset rather than shared as an organisational resource. Integration access, the APIs and connectors that allow other systems to communicate with them, is controlled, often monetised and subject to change when commercial relationships shift. This dynamic is not only technical. It is structural to the PropTech market. Many vendors operate in a constrained market, backed by venture capital that prioritises growth and near-term returns. Products are optimised for rapid adoption and ownership of specific workflows, rather than long-term interoperability across a broader ecosystem. This creates a misalignment. Operators need systems that can evolve together over time. Vendors are often incentivised to optimise for speed, differentiation and retention within a single product boundary. This tension was manageable when integrations were primarily about data transfer. It becomes more problematic when they are also the mechanism through which workflows operate. The commercial tension between [**Funnel Leasing and EliseAI**](https://www.thesisdriven.com/letters/the-proptech-wars-eliseai-and-funnel-square-off/) earlier this year illustrates how quickly bilateral dependencies can become operational liabilities. Whatever the merits of either position, operators caught in the middle had no architectural fallback. Similar issues became public with the Entrata and Yardi lawsuit a decade ago. That is the structural risk. It is about what happens when any two vendors disagree and your workflows sit between them. > “We maintain a deliberately flexible vendor strategy. Our agreements are limited to one-year terms, and we operate exclusively on providers’ standard APIs with no customization. We integrate their data as-is, ensuring we can pivot to an alternative partner quickly if performance or alignment falls short.” > > The discipline Pat describes, API-only contracts, no customisation, short terms, minimal dependency, is the rational response to a market structure defined by vendor lock-in, where relationships cannot be assumed to remain stable. It is effective as a defensive strategy, but it does not solve the underlying problem. It manages dependency rather than removing it. Avoiding lock-in depends on more than contractual discipline. It requires a procurement process that demands flexibility and interoperability from the outset. Without a platform layer that standardises how data moves and how workflows are orchestrated across systems, operators remain dependent on the same fragile integration model, regardless of how contracts are structured.
### The Legal Sector: Harvey
The leading AI platform for the legal industry, Harvey, did not displace the software that law firms already used. It sat above it, routing tasks across document management systems, legal research databases, and productivity tools simultaneously. More than 100,000 lawyers across 1,300 organisations now use the platform.
### Healthcare: Abridge AI
The sector’s equivalent of the property management system, the Electronic Health Record, is deeply embedded, largely closed, and controlled by a small number of dominant vendors. Abridge AI did not attempt to replace these systems. It integrates into clinical workflows, converting patient–physician conversations into structured documentation within the EHR. It is now deployed across more than 200 health systems within HIPAA constraints.
### Defense and Intelligence: Palantir
Palantir’s AIP platform did not replace existing enterprise systems. It sits above them, creating a semantic model that connects data, logic, and actions across the organisation. Its U.S. commercial revenue grew 71% year-over-year in Q1 2025.
The pattern is consistent across all three. The companies that captured disproportionate value did not compete with the existing software stack or even internal teams. They orchestrated it and supported industry ambitions.
---
## 06. Building the Orchestration Layer
The need for an orchestration layer is no longer theoretical. The question is how it is implemented. The build versus buy conversation has always been on the table for large enterprises. The scaling cost by unit count for license fees on static software often built the case for an internal build. The case for ongoing maintenance and upgrades required dedicated teams. However, with AI orchestration, the data is always moving and agents are constantly computing. The optimisation of the platform is essential for budgets to remain predictable. So, while in-house teams can replace single purpose use cases and applications with greater ease than before, there is a challenge of staffing and underwriting a full AI platform. This needs sophisticated understanding of model selections, self hosting and row level security which are technical concepts that are often underestimated in the industry.
In the absence of an industry platform, there is no choice but to take on this responsibility. However, if a platform exists for orchestration of common uses and intelligence, a partnership model can bring the benefit of “build and buy”. A platform foundation handles connectivity, orchestration and infrastructure, while internal teams build the business logic that differentiates the operation.
Adopting a platform provides speed and proven infrastructure, but requires careful evaluation to avoid replicating the same lock-in dynamics the industry is trying to move beyond.
The distinction is not simply build versus buy. It is where the complexity sits and who owns it over time.
---
## 07. The Action Plan for C-Suite
Most operators are not starting from a blank slate. They have a PMS they cannot easily replace, a leasing stack that is three or four integrations deep, and AI pilots running in isolated workflows that have not connected to each other. The question is not what the ideal architecture looks like. It is how to move toward it from where you are.
### Action 01 — Move procurement from departmental to enterprise
The fragmented stacks most operators are running today are not the result of bad technology decisions. They are the result of good departmental ones. Leasing bought for leasing. Maintenance bought for maintenance. Each tool solved the problem in front of it without accountability for what it could not connect to.
AI changes the accountability structure. When workflows are expected to operate across systems, a tool that cannot participate in that model is not a departmental problem. It is an enterprise one. Procurement decisions that were previously made at the functional level now need to carry an architectural sign-off. The question is not only whether a solution solves the immediate problem, but whether it can operate as part of a stack that needs to function as a whole.
### Action 02 — Audit dependency before adding capability
Before the next technology purchase, map where your data actually lives and who controls access to it. Identify which vendor relationships are load-bearing, where a commercial shift or an API change would break an operational workflow. That audit will tell you more about your AI readiness than any RFP process.
Once that picture is clear, operators face a decision about how to build toward the orchestration layer. That decision should follow the audit, not precede it.
> “AI hasn’t taken hold the way many expected. What the industry has built so far is a shelf of one-offs, valuable in isolation, but difficult to scale or expand.”
>
>
### Action 03 — Build the foundational layer on open infrastructure
The foundational layer of the stack should sit on platforms whose openness is structural rather than strategic. Microsoft Azure and Fabric, MS365, Twilio and their equivalents are the enterprise infrastructure that allow for interoperability. They have established ecosystems, documented APIs and no incentive to restrict how data is used. The data warehouse, communication infrastructure and identity layer belong here. Industry-specific platforms then connect to this foundation as a purpose-built layer, extending what enterprise infrastructure cannot do on its own.
### Action 04 — Choose an industry AI platform or build one
The question is no longer whether this layer will exist. It is who will build it, and how operators should evaluate it.
The most durable architecture is one where your own data infrastructure sits at the centre and every vendor connects to it as a spoke. This does not require replacing your PMS. It requires ensuring that data flows out of it on your terms, into infrastructure you own. This only works if the operator remains the hub.
A vendor that cannot deliver clean data and receive instructions as part of a wider system is a dependency with an exit cost, not a long-term partner.
The orchestration layer is not a tool you buy once. It is the AI infrastructure for the housing industry, compounding over time as workflows mature and operational logic accumulates. Operators face a clear choice: build this capability internally or work with a platform designed to provide it. What is not viable is continuing to add point solutions and assuming integration partnerships will hold.
The operators who move first on architecture will not just run more efficient operations. They will be the ones with the data infrastructure in place when AI capabilities make the gap between them and everyone else difficult to close. The defining criterion is interoperability: whether the platform can operate across systems, not within one.
---
The housing industry is at a similar point in its evolution to legal, healthcare and financial services when those sectors established the orchestration layers that now define them.
In each case, the operators who recognised the shift early and made decisions accordingly were the ones who captured the value. These industries chose to partner with an AI Platform partner but audit them for interoperability.
The same choice is now in front of housing.
Interested in AI platforms for the industry? Contact us
## The Platform Illusion: Separating Architecture from Hype URL: https://www.travtus.com/whitepapers/the-platform-illusion Across the multifamily industry, every vendor now claims to offer a “platform.” Yet few of these systems can sustain even a modest AI workflow. The term has become a convenient label for products, bundles of tools, or integrated suites that promise simplicity while often adding complexity. This overuse has created an illusion of modernisation. Beneath the surface, many stacks remain fragmented. A true platform is not a set of features. It is an operating layer that connects people, data and workflows in a way that allows learning and adaptation. In an AI-driven world, that distinction matters. Artificial intelligence cannot function effectively without systems designed for interoperability, data continuity and openness. The companies that win in the next decade will not be those with the cleverest algorithms but those with the strongest foundations. ## What a Platform Really Is — and Isn’t > “A platform is an environment you can build on, where workflows, data and partners integrate seamlessly. It’s not just what the vendor provides; it’s what the ecosystem can create.” > > In technology, a platform is an extensible foundation that others can build on. It enables integration and innovation across tools and teams. A product automates; a platform amplifies. True platforms are multilingual. They can connect to different systems and “speak” to diverse technologies without forcing conformity. The best analogy is iOS or Google’s marketing stack, where shared services, open interfaces and developer participation extend value continuously. Most platforms in multifamily technology fall short of that ideal. They resemble walled gardens. They may allow some integrations but only with preferred partners. Their structures are optimised for control rather than scale. > “We didn’t realise we were buying a product roadmap instead of a platform. Now we’re stuck waiting for quarterly releases to fix basic issues.” > > > “I don’t see too many groups using the word ‘platform’ in a way that feels intentionally misleading or disingenuous but I do see a lot of products calling themselves platforms when they’re really just well-packaged feature sets, or even a grouping of various products. > > What seems to be missing most often is interoperability. They don’t allow data or actions to move fluidly between teams or different workflows. A platform should enable cross-pollination; a ‘faux-platform’ traps you in silos with prettier branding.” > > Bundles can seem efficient at first, but they create dependency and complexity over time. A real platform delivers freedom of choice. It lets new tools connect easily, allows data to move freely and enables intelligence to build across systems. ## The System Problem: People as Middleware Across organisations, technology gaps are often filled by people rather than software. Teams reconcile data manually, copy information into spreadsheets and rely on meetings to translate insights between systems. As one industry leader put it: > “Right now, our workflows depend on people acting as middleware between disconnected tools.” When humans become the connectors, technology loses its purpose. Efficiency turns into administrative burden. The next wave of systems must automate that connectivity. A true platform allows information from one workflow — leasing, accounting or maintenance — to inform another automatically. This is the essence of system thinking: value emerges not within products but between them. AI exposes the cost of poor integration. Machine learning models depend on continuous, structured and reliable data. When those connections break, intelligence collapses. Interoperability is therefore not a luxury; it is the condition for progress. ## Data Portability: The Core of Intelligence Every conversation with executives led to the same conclusion: **data portability defines a platform**. Without the ability to move, combine and reuse data across systems, even the most advanced automation remains shallow. When data cannot move, organisations fill the gap with manual work. They maintain shadow systems and duplicate logic across tools. These hidden costs erode both efficiency and morale. Platforms remove that friction. They create continuity so information travels cleanly and instantly between systems. Each new data source strengthens the organisation’s collective intelligence. For AI, portability is oxygen. Models learn by detecting patterns across multiple contexts. That is impossible without unified, accessible data. A closed system might automate a process, but it will never create organisational learning. The measure of a platform is not how many features it has but how easily data flows through it. > “Portability is what separates a product that automates from a platform that empowers.” > > ## Architecture Over Roadmaps Technology evolves in stages. First comes the **product**, built to solve a specific problem. Next, the **suite**, which combines related tools under one vendor. Finally, the **platform**, an open foundation that links data, workflows and users across the business. Most systems never reach that final stage because they lack the architectural openness to do so. Without shared data models and transparent interfaces, suites harden into silos. Forward-thinking operators design for openness from the beginning. They avoid lock-in, adopt integration standards and retain ownership of their data. Some push information into analytics layers; others build orchestration tools that sit above existing products. Both approaches recognise that architecture matters more than any vendor roadmap. Governance makes this discipline sustainable. Many firms have created technology steering committees or centres of excellence to maintain integration standards, protect data quality and ensure software choices align with business strategy. For third-party managers, the barriers are often structural. Data ownership sits with property owners, fragmenting visibility and limiting scale. Yet progress is possible. One executive, speaking privately, said: “You can’t always centralise data, but you can centralise principles.” Clear standards for privacy, consent and data exchange allow even federated organisations to behave like platforms. For AI, such governance is more than good housekeeping. Algorithms trained on inconsistent or incomplete data produce unreliable results. Disciplined architecture creates trust in the intelligence built on top of it. ## The Economics of Platform Thinking Elegant platforms hide heavy costs. Real interoperability requires investment in data ingestion, tagging and identity resolution, along with the people who maintain them. As one operator explained anonymously: > “Every data point has a cost. The more you integrate, the more you pay.” This is the paradox of openness. Flexibility demands more effort before it yields returns. Some organisations choose to simplify, feeding high-quality data into a few core systems rather than building a full ecosystem. Others invest early, believing that automation and analytics will repay the expense. Either path demands patience. The payoff from platforms arrives in years, not quarters. Point tools produce quick wins; open systems deliver long-term advantage. In capital-disciplined environments, the question has shifted from **Can we afford a platform?** to **Can we afford not to have one?** The hidden costs of fragmentation — manual reconciliation, lost data, inconsistent reporting — accumulate faster than any software subscription. ## AI as the Forcing Function Artificial intelligence is redefining what a platform must be. Traditional tools execute instructions; AI learns from interaction. That difference makes architecture a strategic dependency. AI systems need structured, connected and real-time data, as well as context across workflows and feedback loops that refine their performance. Without those elements, even the best model becomes a static feature. AI is, in effect, the stress test for platform truth. Closed products can mimic intelligence for a while, but they cannot evolve. True platforms support continuous learning. They provide the environment where algorithms improve as they encounter more data and human feedback. The next generation of enterprise technology will be judged by this operability. Intelligent orchestration will replace narrow automation. AI will coordinate leasing, marketing, maintenance and finance in real time — but only if those systems share a common foundation. For companies building AI, this is decisive. The quality of a model depends less on clever code and more on the data infrastructure behind it. AI becomes not a feature but the outcome of sound architecture. Operators should reverse the usual question. Instead of asking what AI can do for a platform, they should ask whether the platform can sustain AI. The answer will reveal whether they have built a foundation or a facade. ## Platform Maturity: Signs of the Real Thing How can operators tell a true platform from an imitation? The clues lie in architecture rather than appearance. | Signal | What it looks like | | --- | --- | | **Openness** | Public, well-documented interfaces that anyone can connect to. | | **Data Portability** | Clear ownership terms and real-time export options. | | **Interoperability** | Compatibility across vendors, including legacy systems. | | **Governance** | A mechanism to enforce integration standards and data hygiene. | | **Extensibility** | A marketplace or module framework that invites innovation from others. | These are not only technical qualities but economic ones. Open systems reduce switching costs and encourage competition around them. Closed systems accumulate dependence and debt. The former generate resilience; the latter consolidate risk. > “Ideally, every feature would be a painkiller, not a vitamin — solving real bottlenecks rather than adding surface-level ‘nice to haves.’ It would be modular enough to grow with businesses, open enough to integrate easily, and disciplined enough to avoid bloat.” > > ## The Human Dimension Platform transformation is as much cultural as technical. Organisations that treat platforms as strategic infrastructure — rather than as vendor contracts — achieve faster returns and stronger adoption. That shift demands executive alignment. Platform thinking crosses departmental lines. It requires cooperation between IT, operations and finance. Without leadership sponsorship, even the most elegant system fragments under competing priorities. Many firms now operate “platform councils” or “centres of excellence” to manage both the politics and the architecture. Their job is not simply to approve purchases but to define the rules of the ecosystem: data openness, integration discipline and API standards. In multifamily, where ownership structures are fragmented and governance uneven, this cultural readiness may decide who thrives in the AI era. Success will favour those who build coherence, not those who buy more tools. ## Conclusion: Architecture as Destiny The industry’s fascination with “platforms” hides a more important question: which of these systems can truly host intelligence? AI exposes weakness instantly. It fails when data is trapped, when integrations are shallow and when workflows lack continuity. Marketing may sell “AI-powered” products, but sustained intelligence depends on clean data, open architecture and disciplined governance. The future belongs to organisations that treat platforms as living infrastructure rather than marketing claims. Multifamily does not need more vendors calling themselves platforms. It needs systems that act like them: interoperable, transparent and ready for AI. A platform is not something a company buys; it is something it builds — deliberately, openly and with intelligence in mind. Those who understand that will not just adopt AI. They will operate intelligently. The illusion ends when the industry stops buying promises and starts demanding architecture. ---
## Expert Insights from Newmark RF
### Q1: When you hear the term “platform,” what does it mean to you?
A platform is not just a system, it is a technology ecosystem that underpins the entire digital strategy of an operator. It connects, integrates, and scales technology across the organization. It enables seamless collaboration, unified data, and the extensibility to evolve with the business.
A true platform provides:
- A foundational ecosystem for multiple applications and services
- Shared capabilities that reduce redundancy
- Open integration frameworks that connect internal teams and third-party tools
- The ability to innovate at scale without constant reinvention
### Q2: Is the industry working with systems that claim to be platforms but feel more like pipelines or funnels? What’s missing?
Yes, it is a common challenge. Many systems are marketed as “platforms”, but operate more like pipelines, closed, linear tools designed around one way of working.
What is usually missing:
- **True openness:** Limited APIs, lack of third-party integration, and restricted customization
- **Configurability:** Inability to adapt workflows to different operating models or business processes
- **Scalability:** Struggles to grow or evolve with the portfolio
- **Data interoperability:** Siloed information and fragmented user experiences
### Q3: What role should a platform play in the tech stack of a modern operator?
A platform should serve as the strategic backbone of the technology stack orchestrating how data, processes and tools come together across the organization. The platform should allow operators to move faster, work smarter and scale seamlessly.
It should:
- Centralize data and insights across property, asset, development and financial operations
- Support flexible integration with both legacy systems and emerging Proptech solutions
- Enable automation and decision intelligence across the organization
- Power innovation without disrupting core operations
### Q4: In your view, what are the key capabilities or qualities that make a system a platform, not just a product?
A product solves a specific function. A platform creates a foundation for many solutions to work together, adapt and grow as needed by the business.
Key platform qualities:
- **Interoperability:** Integrates seamlessly with third-party and legacy systems
- **Extensibility:** Allows new modules, features, or tools to be added over time
- **Configurability:** Adapts to different workflows and business models
- **Data unification:** Centralizes and normalizes data across functions
- **Scalability:** Supports operational growth without rework or disruption
- **Security and compliance:** Built-in governance and data protection
### Q5: If you could design your ideal platform from scratch, what would it include and what would it avoid?
| Must-haves | What to avoid |
| --- | --- |
| • Open APIs and an integration-first architecture
### The Venture Capital Hangover
Some of the challenges now surfacing were seeded by the funding environment of the early 2020s. Venture-backed proptech startups were often advised to “find a wedge” — solve a narrow pain point, raise money, and then expand.
The problem? Many never expanded.
Their MVPs stayed minimal. The integrations never matured. The platforms never arrived. Operators bought in — hoping the roadmap would deliver — but found themselves stuck with thin tools that couldn’t scale.
“A lot of easy money came with bad advice,” one executive said. “There were too many solutions solving one problem — and none solving the whole picture.”
As funding dries up, some of those vendors are disappearing. Others are freezing development. And operators are left holding the bag — along with the maintenance contracts.
## AI: A Capability Waiting for a Platform
Over the past two years, AI has emerged as the most talked-about layer in multifamily tech. And in most cases, the early results have been encouraging. Operators have piloted AI to automate document verification, predict renewals, score leads, and manage internal workflows. The tools work. The promise is real.
But something is off.
AI hasn’t taken hold the way many expected. What started as energy has turned into inertia. Many operators are left with disconnected pilots — valuable in isolation, but difficult to scale or expand.
“Everyone’s excited about what AI can do,” said one senior ops lead. “But what we’ve built so far is a shelf of one-offs.”
At the core of the issue is architecture. AI, unlike earlier software cycles, doesn’t succeed just by being clever — it succeeds when it’s embedded, flexible, and broadly connected. It needs access to data, clear event flows, and room to iterate. But most data is hidden behind walls of vendor systems and not accessible to operators.
The challenge is that few operators have invested in a platform approach towards AI. And vendors that claim to offer one often struggle with the same limitations as everyone else: brittle integrations, poor data exchange, and inflexible schemas. So instead of transformation, most teams are getting repetition — trying to make smart tools work in systems that weren’t designed to be dynamic.
Still, the desire hasn’t gone away. In fact, it’s growing. Across the interviews, operators described AI less as a novelty and more as an expectation. Not just automation — but adaptation. Not just savings but scale.
The question now is: who will build the infrastructure to support it? And how long can the industry afford to wait? Because while the first wave of AI in multifamily has already happened, the second one — where it actually changes how work gets done — is still waiting for a place to land and the right sponsors.
### What Would a Real AI Platform Look Like?
Most of the AI tools in multifamily today resemble apps — not platforms. They automate single tasks, run one model, or replace one decision — but they don’t scale across functions. They don’t learn from outcomes. And they rarely persist beyond the pilot.
A real AI platform is something else entirely.
**An AI platform in multifamily would need to:**
- Sit across operational, financial, and resident data
- Allow users to configure their own workflows, not just consume fixed outputs
- Enable teams to test, refine, and scale AI use cases — without ripping out core systems
- Treat AI not as a product, but as infrastructure
This is not something that can be patched together through MVPs. It requires deliberate investment, deep architectural vision, and a data strategy that puts operators — not just vendors — in control.

## Rebuilding with Intention
This time, operators are asking harder questions:
- **What are we using?**
- **Who owns it?**
- **How do I get access to all the data?**
There’s no single answer. But there is a new consensus: the stack must serve the work — not the other way around.
The Stack Reset isn’t about saying no to innovation. It’s about saying yes to stability, visibility, and scale. It’s about remembering that technology, at its best, disappears into the background — and lets teams focus on the residents, not the software.
After years of chaos, the industry isn’t chasing more tech. It’s chasing clarity.
> “In three to five years, AI will help solve the integration problem. And when that happens, best-of-breed might come back. But until then, we’re betting on systems we know we can run.”
>
>
---
# Articles
## Blueprint 2026 Sessions: The Seven That Show Where Multifamily AI Buying Is Headed
URL: https://www.travtus.com/resources/blueprint-2026-sessions-multifamily-ai
Date: 2026-09-15
Summary: A curated guide to seven Blueprint 2026 sessions on multifamily AI, with day, time, room, speakers and the one question worth asking in each. The agenda has stopped asking what AI does and started asking what it costs, what it replaces and who builds it.
> **The seven Blueprint 2026 sessions worth your time run September 22 to 24 in Las Vegas, and they share one theme: AI is now a cost, consolidation and ownership question, not a capability question. Start with "What We Deleted This Year" (Tuesday, 12:45pm, Palazzo C), which is about retiring tools rather than adding them.**
A conference agenda is a leading indicator. Not of what an industry is doing, but of what it has finally admitted it is worried about.
Read Blueprint 2026 that way and the shift is hard to miss. **Of the seven sessions below, not one names an AI capability.** Four name money: value, dollars, ROI, NOI. One names subtraction. One names owning the whole chain. One names teaching a system your own property data. Zero name a feature. That distribution is the story.
## The seven sessions, at a glance
Bookmark this table. It is the whole guide on one screen, and the last column is the part worth having in your pocket when you sit down.
| When and where | Session | Speakers | The one question to ask in the room |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Tue 22**| Make better decisions | Know what’s possible (and what’s hype). Recognize which tasks or processes AI can realistically automate or enhance. |
|---|---|
| Shape culture and capability | Build an organization ready to experiment, learn, and adapt alongside AI systems. |
| Manage risk and ethics | Lead responsibly by setting guardrails around bias, privacy, and data use. |
| Drive compounding ROI | AI investments grow in value over time as systems learn from new data and integrate across business functions. |
| Term | Use Cases | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AI (Artificial Intelligence) | Machines mimicking human intelligence (learning, reasoning, decision-making) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ML (Machine Learning) | Subset of AI where algorithms learn patterns from data to make predictions or decisions | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| LLM (Large Language Model) | A model trained on huge volumes of text to generate and understand language | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GPT | A popular type of LLM developed by OpenAI (e.g., GPT-3, GPT-4, GPT-4o) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Training | Teaching an AI by feeding it large datasets to learn from | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fine-tuning | Further training of a model for specific tasks, industries, or datasets | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Inference | Using the trained AI model to generate outputs (e.g., answer a question, write an email) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Token | A piece of text (word or part of a word) that the model uses as its basic unit | Prompt | The instruction or input you give to an AI model to get a response | API (Application Programming Interface) | A method for connecting software to the AI so businesses can use it in their workflows | Agent | An advanced AI that can take actions, interact with software/tools, and follow multi-step instructions | Multimodal | AI that works with multiple input types (text, image, video, audio) together | RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation) | Combines LLMs with real-time data from your documents or systems, improving relevance and accuracy | Copilot | A virtual AI assistant embedded into tools (like Microsoft Copilot or GitHub Copilot) that helps users with tasks | MCP (Model Context Protocol) | An open standard that lets AI assistants securely connect to external tools and data sources (e.g., files, databases, SaaS apps) via a consistent interface. | Orchestration | Managing how multiple AI models, tools, or APIs interact in a coordinated way to complete tasks | Guardrails | Rules or controls that prevent AI from making harmful, inaccurate, or unauthorized outputs | Latency | The time delay between making a request to the AI and receiving a response | Grounding | Linking AI responses to real data or sources to improve accuracy and reliability | Synthetic Data | Artificially generated data used for training models when real data is limited or sensitive |
| 2014 | Google buy London based AI company, Deepmind | |
| 2018 | BERT by Google An influential language model not built to generative text | 340 million parameters |
| GPT by OpenAI Ground-breaking LLM that generated human-like text | 117 million parameters | |
| 2019 | Microsoft invests $1billion into OpenAI | |
| 2019 | GPT2 | 1.5 billion parameters |
| 2020 | GPT3 | 175 billion parameters |
| Dec 2021 | Gopher by Deepmind | 300 billion parameters |
| May 2022 | ChatGPT released Built on a fine-tuned variant of GPT3, ChatGPT brings LLMs to the masses. | |
| July 2022 | BLOOM by Hugging Face Essentially GPT-3 but trained on a multi-lingual corpus | 175 billion parameters |
| Nov 2022 | Galactica by Meta Trained on scientific text | 120 billion parameters |
| Nov 2022 | AlexaTM by Amazon | 20 billion parameters |
| Microsoft invests a further $10 billion into OpenAI | ||
| Mar 2023 | GPT4 by OpenAI. Also available through ChatGPT | Rumoured to have 1 trillion parameters |
| Mar 2023 | BloombergGPT LLM trained on financial data from proprietary sources | 50 billion parameters |
| BioMedLM by Mosaic ML and Standford | A purpose-built AI model trained to interpret biomedical language. |
| BloombergGPT by OpenAI and Bloomberg | Purpose built for finance-based natural language tasks |
| Galactica by Meta | Built for the scientific community |
| Codex | Fine-tuned on publicly-available Python code |